Bibliography

Garske, Steve

Confronting the Threat of Forest Invasives, GLIFWC Pursues Solutions

Mazina'igan, Fall 2015, p. 6

Great Lakes Indian Fish & Wildlife Commission

Odanah

2015

LOW MAD

Opening Paragraph: "Our forests are in big trouble. A warming climate, intensified drought and more frequent wind events put them under stress, making northern trees like balsam fir, spruce and birch more susceptible to disease. Historically high deer populations mow down seedlings and native herbs to the point of local extinction. Invasive European (and increasingly Asian) earthworms eat the leaf and duff layer that native seedlings need to establish and grow, paving the way for invasive plants such as common buckthorn, Japanese barberry and garlic mustard. Add tree-killing insects and diseases from distant lands to the mix, and our forests face rapid transformation within our children's lifetimes."